Redirection¶

Redirection makes it possible to control where the output of a command goes to, and where the input of a command comes from. It's a mighty tool that, together with pipelines, makes the shell powerful. The redirection operators are checked whenever a simple command is about to be executed.

Under normal circumstances, there are 3 files open, accessible by the file descriptors 0, 1 and 2, all connected to your terminal:

Both, stdout and stderr are output file descriptors. Their difference is the convention that a program outputs payload on stdout and diagnostic- and error-messages on stderr. If you write a script that outputs error messages, please make sure you follow this convention!

Whenever you name such a filedescriptor, i.e. you want to redirect this descriptor, you just use the number:

# this executes the cat-command and redirects its error messages (stderr) to the bit bucket
cat some_file.txt 2>/dev/null

Whenever you reference a descriptor, to point to its current target file, then you use a "&" followed by a the descriptor number:

# this executes the echo-command and redirects its normal output (stdout) to the standard error target
echo "There was an error" 1>&2

The redirection operation can be anywhere in a simple command, so these examples are equivalent:

cat foo.txt bar.txt >new.txt
cat >new.txt foo.txt bar.txt
>new.txt cat foo.txt bar.txt

Valid redirection targets and sources¶

This syntax is recognized whenever a TARGET or a SOURCE specification (like below in the details descriptions) is used.

If a target/source specification fails to open, the whole redirection operation fails. Avoid referencing file descriptors above 9, since you may collide with file descriptors Bash uses internally.

Redirecting output¶

N > TARGET

This redirects the file descriptor number N to the target TARGET. If N is omitted, stdout is assumed (FD 1). The TARGET is truncated before writing starts.

If the option noclobber is set with the set builtin, with cause the redirection to fail, when TARGET names a regular file that already exists. You can manually override that behaviour by forcing overwrite with the redirection operator >| instead of >.

Appending redirected output¶

N >> TARGET

This redirects the file descriptor number N to the target TARGET. If N is omitted, stdout is assumed (FD 1). The TARGET is not truncated before writing starts.

Redirecting output and error output¶

&> TARGET

>& TARGET

This special syntax redirects both, stdout and stderr to the specified target. It's equivalent to

> TARGET 2>&1

Since Bash4, there's &>>TARGET, which is equivalent to >> TARGET 2>&1.

Appending redirected output and error output¶

To append the cumulative redirection of stdout and stderr to a file you simply do

>> FILE 2>&1

&>> FILE

Transporting stdout and stderr through a pipe¶

COMMAND1 2>&1 | COMMAND2

COMMAND1 |& COMMAND2

Redirecting input¶

N < SOURCE

The input descriptor N uses SOURCE as its data source. If N is omitted, filedescriptor 0 (stdin) is assumed.

Here documents¶

<<TAG
...
TAG

<<-TAG
...
TAG

A here-document is an input redirection using source data specified directly at the command line (or in the script), no "external" source. The redirection-operator << is used together with a tag TAG that's used to mark the end of input later:

# display help

cat <<EOF
Sorry...
No help available yet for $PROGRAM.
Hehe...
EOF

As you see, substitutions are possible. To be precise, the following substitutions and expansions are performed in the here-document data:

• Parameter expansion
• Command substitution
• Arithmetic expansion

You can avoid that by quoting the tag:

cat <<"EOF"
This won't be expanded: $PATH
EOF

Last but not least, if the redirection operator << is followed by a - (dash), all leading TAB from the document data will be ignored. This might be useful to have optical nice code also when using here-documents.

The tag you use must be the only word in the line, to be recognized as end-of-here-document marker.

Here strings¶

<<< WORD

The here-strings are a variation of the here-documents. The word WORD is taken for the input redirection:

cat <<< "Hello world... $NAME is here..."

Just beware to quote the WORD if it contains spaces. Otherwise the rest will be given as normal parameters.

The here-string will append a newline (\n) to the data.

Multiple redirections¶

More redirection operations can occur in a line of course. The order is important! They're evaluated from left to right. If you want to redirect both, stderr and stdout to the same file (like /dev/null, to hide it), this is the wrong way:

# { echo OUTPUT; echo ERRORS >&2; } is to simulate something that outputs to STDOUT and STDERR
# you can test with it
{ echo OUTPUT; echo ERRORS >&2; } 2>&1 1>/dev/null

Why? Relatively easy:

• initially, stdout points to your terminal (you read it)
• same applies to stderr, it's connected to your terminal
• 2>&1 redirects stderr away from the terminal to the target for stdout: the terminal (again...)
• 1>/dev/null redirects stdout away from your terminal to the file /dev/null

What remains? stdout goes to /dev/null, stderr still (or better: "again") goes to the terminal. You have to swap the order to make it do what you want:

{ echo OUTPUT; echo ERRORS >&2; } 1>/dev/null 2>&1

Examples¶

How to make a program quiet (assuming all output goes to STDOUT and STDERR?

command >/dev/null 2>&1

See also¶

• Internal: Illustrated Redirection Tutorial
• Internal: The noclobber option
• Internal: The exec builtin command
• Internal: Simple commands parsing and execution
• Internal: Process substitution syntax
• Internal: Obsolete and deprecated syntax
• Internal: Nonportable syntax and command uses

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